Glossary

Adjusted Net Income

Adjusted net income is a profitability index of the entire オンライン カジノ バカラne Group, which is the basis for capital efficiency (Adjusted ROE) and the source of dividends. The impacts of catastrophe loss reserve, which is unique to insurance companies, and goodwill (a premium paid for an acquisition) are eliminated for the purpose of improving transparency and comparability from the perspective of the market and securing a link with shareholder returns.

Business Unit Profits

Business unit profits are a profitability index of each business unit in the オンライン カジノ バカラne Group used for business management. In order to indicate results of efforts more appropriately in light of the characteristics of each business, business unit profits of the domestic non-life insurance business do not include gain on sale of business-related equities, for example.

Catastrophe Loss Reserve

Catastrophe loss reserve is a kind of underwriting reserve under the Insurance Business Act in Japan, for which a certain amount of money is set aside every year in preparation for insurance payments that exceed normal expectations. The amount obtained by multiplying net premiums written by a certain percentage is accumulated for each insurance category group as catastrophe loss reserve. オンライン カジノ バカラs taken down when a catastrophe loss occurs. In a non-life insurance business, the law of large numbers may sometimes hold true in a single fiscal year, but in some cases, such as a case when a large-scale disaster occurs, the losses even out only after a long period of time—some tens or hundreds of years. Catastrophe loss reserve is thus necessary.

Combined Ratio (C/R)

Combined Ratio is the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio of a non-life insurance company. It represents the ratio of insurance payments and operating expenses to premium income, and is one of the important indices of the profitability of a non-life insurance company. The lower the combined ratio, the higher the insurance profitability. Conversely, if it exceeds 100%, オンライン カジノ バカラndicates that the company is not making a profオンライン カジノ バカラn its insurance business.

Earned Premiums

As the insurance period of each insurance contract spans multiple business years of an insurance company, in order to compute the total premiums to be recognized for a certain period, オンライン カジノ バカラs necessary to divide the premiums for individual contracts received during the period by their respective insurance periods to calculate earned premiums. Calculations for financial accounting purposes are based on the 1/12 method.

ERM (Enterprise Risk Management)

ERM means risk-based management. It is a risk management method that comprehensively manages risks from the perspective of an entire enterprise with regard to all risks in decision-making and business execution that an enterprise, such as a company, does to achieve its objectives. オンライン カジノ バカラne Holdings and オンライン カジノ バカラne & Nichido Fire Insurance are working to strengthen the risk-based management system, and maintain soundness by assessing risks from qualitative and quantitative aspects to perform comprehensive risk management and strive to increase profitability (capital efficiency) by effectively utilizing the limited capital through measures, including employment of reinsurance. The Financial Services Agency also conducts ERM interviews with major insurance companies and groups to verify the status of development of risk management systems.

Expense Ratio

Expense ratio is the ratio of expenses of the insurance business of an insurance company to net premiums written. Just like loss ratio, オンライン カジノ バカラs used for analysis of management of an insurance company and calculation of insurance premium rates. Specifically, it represents the ratio of agency commissions and brokerage plus operating and general administrative expenses on underwriting to net premiums written in the statement of income.

General Underwriting Reserve

General underwriting reserve is a kind of underwriting reserve, for which the amount of unearned premiums (premiums that correspond to the liabilities for the time period remaining on insurance policies) or the underwriting result for the first year (reserve under the Insurance Business Act in Japan, which is premiums received during a fiscal year less claims paid, outstanding claims, operating expenses, etc. incurred under the contracts), whichever is greater, is set aside at the end of the fiscal year. The premiums received by an insurance company are recognized as underwriting income. However, at the end of a fiscal year, there will be many contracts whose insurance periods have not expired even though premiums have been received. Therefore, オンライン カジノ バカラs necessary to recognize the amount required to undertake the insurance liabilities for the unexpired portions as a liability. General underwriting reserve is accumulated in the liabilities section of the balance sheet, but the entire amount will be taken down in the next fiscal year and the necessary amount will be newly accumulated.

IFRS

IFRS stands for International Financial Reporting Standards. Formulated by オンライン カジノ バカラASB (International Accounting Standards Board) in the United Kingdom with the aim of creating a single set of accounting standards in the world, it has been mandated by the European Union (EU) on listed companies in the region. Currently, more than 160 countries and regions have adopted it.

Loading (Ratio)

Loading (ratio) is the portion of gross premium (ratio) that is appropriated for various expenses, such as operating expenses (personnel expenses and non-personnel expenses), agency commissions, and collection commissions, necessary for management of an insurance company and profit. Loading (ratio) is determined by each insurance company. In actuarial science, loading (ratio) and net premium (ratio) constitute gross premium (ratio).

Loss Ratio

Loss ratio is the ratio of claims paid to net premiums written. Just like expense ratio, オンライン カジノ バカラs used for analysis of management of an insurance company and calculation of insurance premium rates. Specifically, it represents the ratio of net claims paid plus loss adjustment expenses to net premiums written in the statement of income.

MCEV (Market Consistent Embedded Value)

MCEV is an index that serves as a valuation and performance metric of a life insurance business and the sum of adjusted net asset value (net assets on the balance sheet plus liabilities retained as virtual capital, unrealized gains on securities, etc.) and value of in-force contracts (present value of projected future profits from in-force contracts). This index is widely used in Europe, Canada, etc. and also used by more than ten companies in Japan, primarily life insurance subsidiaries of non-life insurance groups. The current financial accounting of Japanese life insurance companies emphasizes conservativeness from the perspective of policyholder protection and thus tends to underestimate profit at the beginning of contracts. It is therefore argued that it has its limitations in measuring value and performance of a life insurance business. It is believed that MCEV is able to modify such conservativeness in financial accounting, reflect the actual business performance, and appropriately measure value and performance. There are various MCEV calculation methods. オンライン カジノ バカラne & Nichido Life Insurance has disclosed EV based on the MCEV Principles (Market Consistent EV Principles) published by European Insurance CFO Forum in June 2008 for the purpose of increasing the consistency in calculation standards and unifying disclosure standards starting March 31, 2015.

Net Income

Net income is the ordinary profit after deducting extraordinary gains/losses (gains/losses on disposal of fixed assets, provision for price fluctuation reserves, etc.), income taxes - current, and income taxes - deferred in the statement of income. It represents the profit/loss generated by all the transactions that occurred during a business year. Net income is also called the bottom line as オンライン カジノ バカラs listed at the bottom of the statement of income.

Net Premiums Written

Net premiums written are direct premiums written with elements of reinsurance added and deposit premiums from policyholders deducted. オンライン カジノ バカラs calculated with the following formula. Net premiums written are the equivalent to net sales of a general business company and a value used for computing underwriting income in the income statement of a non-life insurance company. Net premiums written = direct premiums written + reinsurance premiums written – reinsurance premiums ceded - deposit premiums from policyholders

Pure Premium (Ratio)

In actuarial science, pure premium (ratio) and loading (ratio) constitute gross premium (ratio). Pure premium (ratio) is the portion for オンライン カジノ バカラnsurance company to use to pay claims when insured events occur. Pure premium (ratio) is calculated based on the probability of insured events according to the law of large numbers computed with past statistical data.

Reinsurance

Reinsurance occurs when part or all of the liabilities of primary insurance (original insurance) is transferred from an insurance company (cession) and assumed by another insurer (assumption). As オンライン カジノ バカラs insurance of insurance, オンライン カジノ バカラs called reinsurance. An insurance company may purchase reinsurance from another insurance company or from a professional reinsurance company. This system is used by the primary insurer in order to diversify risks and pursue profits. The act of an primary insurance company to assume the insurance liabilities on its own without ceding is called retention.

ROE

ROE stands for return on equity (return on shareholders’ equity). オンライン カジノ バカラs the ratio of net income to equity (shareholders’ equity plus retained earnings) in a company, and one of the criteria for investing in stocks. ROE is an index that indicates capital efficiency; in other words, how efficiently a company utilizes equity it possesses to make profit, that is, how much the shareholder value is enhanced. ROA is a similar index, which is the ratio of net income to total assets (equity plus liabilities, such as borrowings), and indicates how profitable businesses a company invests in.

Solvency Margin Ratio

Solvency margin ratio is one of オンライン カジノ バカラndices for regulators to judge whether an insurance company has the solvency margin to pay claims in response to risks beyond usual expectations. The calculation method is stipulated in the Regulation for Enforcement of オンライン カジノ バカラnsurance Business Act. In general, the higher the solvency margin ratio, the higher the soundness of management. When the solvency margin ratio of an insurance company falls below 200%, the Financial Services Agency will call for early corrective actions by オンライン カジノ バカラnsurance company to encourage early efforts to improve management.

Underwriting Profit

Underwriting profオンライン カジノ バカラs the amount of profit calculated by subtracting underwriting expenses (net claims paid, loss adjustment expenses, maturity refunds to policyholders, etc.) and operating and general administrative expenses on underwriting from underwriting income, including net premiums written (net premiums written, deposit premiums from policyholders, investment income on deposit premiums), and adjusting it with other miscellaneous income and expenses (the amount equivalent to income taxes related to compulsory automobile liability insurance, etc.). It represents the final profit/loss in the main business of an insurance company.

Underwriting Reserve

Underwriting Reserve is funds set aside as a liability by an insurance company in order to fulfill its policy obligations. Whereas the outstanding claim corresponds to the claims which have already occurred and have not been paid, the underwriting reserve is the reserve prepared for the payment of claims which have not occurred and will occer after the next fiscal year. Non-life insurance companies’ underwriting reserves include general underwriting reserve, catastrophe loss reserve, contingency reserve, refund reserve and policyholders’ dividend reserve, etc.